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• • • Automation can be defined as the technology by which a process or procedure is performed without human assistance. In other words, Automation or automatic control, is the use of various for operating equipment such as machinery, processes in factories, boilers and heat treating ovens, switching on telephone networks, steering and stabilization of ships, aircraft and other applications and vehicles with minimal or reduced human intervention, with some processes have been completely automated. Automation has been achieved by various means including mechanical,,, electrical, electronic devices and, usually in combination. Complicated systems, such as modern factories, and typically use all these combined techniques. The benefit of automation include labor savings, savings in, savings in material costs, and improvements to quality, accuracy and precision. The term automation, inspired by the earlier word automatic (coming from ), was not widely used before 1947, when Ford established an automation department.

It was during this time that industry was rapidly adopting, which were introduced in the 1930s. Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Open-loop and closed-loop (feedback) control [ ] Fundamentally, there are two types of control loop; open loop control, and closed loop (feedback) control. In open loop control, the control action from the controller is independent of the 'process output' (or 'controlled process variable').

A good example of this is a central heating boiler controlled only by a timer, so that heat is applied for a constant time, regardless of the temperature of the building. (The control action is the switching on/off of the boiler. The process output is the building temperature). In closed loop control, the control action from the controller is dependent on the process output. In the case of the boiler analogy this would include a thermostat to monitor the building temperature, and thereby feed back a signal to ensure the controller maintains the building at the temperature set on the thermostat.

A closed loop controller therefore has a feedback loop which ensures the controller exerts a control action to give a process output the same as the 'Reference input' or 'set point'. For this reason, closed loop controllers are also called feedback controllers. Skill Building Pro Programme.

The definition of a closed loop control system according to the British Standard Institution is 'a control system possessing monitoring feedback, the deviation signal formed as a result of this feedback being used to control the action of a final control element in such a way as to tend to reduce the deviation to zero.' Likewise, a Feedback Control System is a system which tends to maintain a prescribed relationship of one system variable to another by comparing functions of these variables and using the difference as a means of control. The advanced type of automation that revolutionized manufacturing, aircraft, communications and other industries, is feedback control, which is usually continuous and involves taking measurements using a and making calculated adjustments to keep the measured variable within a set range. The theoretical basis of closed loop automation is. Control actions [ ]. Main article: The control action is the form of the controller output action. Discrete control (on/off) [ ] One of the simplest types of control is on-off control.